Introgression of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistant gene, Xa7 into MARDI elite variety, MR219 by marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) approach

Abstract Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the major rice diseases in Malaysia. This disease causes substantial yield loss as high as 70%. Development of rice varieties which inherited BLB resistant traits is a crucial approach to promote and sustain rice industry in Malaysia. Hence, this study aims were to enhance BLB disease resistant characters of high yielding commercial variety MR219 through backcross breeding approach with supporting tool of marker-assisted selection (MAS). Broad spectrum BLB resistance gene, Xa7 from donor parent IRBB7 were introgressed into the susceptible MR219 (recurrent parent) using two flanking markers ID7 and ID15. At BC3F4, we managed to generate 19 introgressed lines with homozygous Xa7 gene and showed resistant characteristics as donor parent when it was challenged with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae through artificial inoculation. Recurrent parent MR219 and control variety, MR263 were found to be severely infected by the disease. The improved lines exhibited similar morphological and yield performance characters as to the elite variety, MR219. Two lines, PB-2-107 and PB-2-34 were chosen to be potential lines because of their outstanding performances compared to parent, MR219. This study demonstrates a success story of MAS application in development of improved disease resistance lines of rice against BLB disease.

Resumo A mancha bacteriana das folhas (BLB) é uma das principais doenças do arroz na Malásia. Essa doença causa perdas substanciais de rendimento de até 70%. O desenvolvimento de variedades de arroz que herdaram características de resistência ao BLB é uma abordagem crucial para promover e sustentar a indústria do arroz na Malásia. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi aumentar os caracteres BLB resistentes a doenças da variedade comercial MR219 de alto rendimento por meio de uma abordagem de cruzamento retrocruzamento com ferramenta de apoio de seleção assistida por marcador (MAS). O gene de resistência a BLB de amplo espectro, Xa7 do pai doador IRBB7, foi introgressado no MR219 suscetível (pai recorrente) usando dois marcadores flanqueadores ID7 e ID15. No BC3F4, conseguimos gerar 19 linhagens introgressadas com o gene Xa7 homozigoto e apresentamos características de resistência como genitor doador quando desafiado com Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae por inoculação artificial. O pai recorrente MR219 e a variedade controle, MR263, estavam gravemente infectados pela doença. As linhas melhoradas exibiram características morfológicas e de desempenho de rendimento semelhantes às da variedade elite, MR219. Duas linhas, PB-2-107 e PB-2-34, foram escolhidas como linhas potenciais por causa de seus desempenhos excelentes em comparação com a mãe, MR219. Este estudo demonstra uma história de sucesso de aplicação de MAS no desenvolvimento de linhas de arroz melhoradas com resistência a doenças contra a doença BLB.

Introgression of bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistant gene, Xa7 into MARDI elite variety, MR219 by marker assisted backcrossing (MABC) approach / Introdução do gene resistente à ferragem da folha bacteriana (BLB), xa7 na variedade MARDI elite, MR219 por abordagem de backcrossing assistida por marcador (MABC)

Abstract Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the major rice diseases in Malaysia. This disease causes substantial yield loss as high as 70%. Development of rice varieties which inherited BLB resistant traits is a crucial approach to promote and sustain rice industry in Malaysia. Hence, this study aims were to enhance BLB disease resistant characters of high yielding commercial variety MR219 through backcross breeding approach with supporting tool of marker-assisted selection (MAS). Broad spectrum BLB resistance gene, Xa7 from donor parent IRBB7 were introgressed into the susceptible MR219 (recurrent parent) using two flanking markers ID7 and ID15. At BC3F4, we managed to generate 19 introgressed lines with homozygous Xa7 gene and showed resistant characteristics as donor parent when it was challenged with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae through artificial inoculation. Recurrent parent MR219 and control variety, MR263 were found to be severely infected by the disease. The improved lines exhibited similar morphological and yield performance characters as to the elite variety, MR219. Two lines, PB-2-107 and PB-2-34 were chosen to be potential lines because of their outstanding performances compared to parent, MR219. This study demonstrates a success story of MAS application in development of improved disease resistance lines of rice against BLB disease.

Resumo A mancha bacteriana das folhas (BLB) é uma das principais doenças do arroz na Malásia. Essa doença causa perdas substanciais de rendimento de até 70%. O desenvolvimento de variedades de arroz que herdaram características de resistência ao BLB é uma abordagem crucial para promover e sustentar a indústria do arroz na Malásia. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi aumentar os caracteres BLB resistentes a doenças da variedade comercial MR219 de alto rendimento por meio de uma abordagem de cruzamento retrocruzamento com ferramenta de apoio de seleção assistida por marcador (MAS). O gene de resistência a BLB de amplo espectro, Xa7 do pai doador IRBB7, foi introgressado no MR219 suscetível (pai recorrente) usando dois marcadores flanqueadores ID7 e ID15. No BC3F4, conseguimos gerar 19 linhagens introgressadas com o gene Xa7 homozigoto e apresentamos características de resistência como genitor doador quando desafiado com Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae por inoculação artificial. O pai recorrente MR219 e a variedade controle, MR263, estavam gravemente infectados pela doença. As linhas melhoradas exibiram características morfológicas e de desempenho de rendimento semelhantes às da variedade elite, MR219. Duas linhas, PB-2-107 e PB-2-34, foram escolhidas como linhas potenciais por causa de seus desempenhos excelentes em comparação com a mãe, MR219. Este estudo demonstra uma história de sucesso de aplicação de MAS no desenvolvimento de linhas de arroz melhoradas com resistência a doenças contra a doença BLB.

Clinical and histopathological findings of a rare sinonasal glomangiopericytoma

ABSTRACT Glomangiopericytoma is a rare vascular neoplasm of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses that occurs during the sixth or seventh decade of life. It is categorized as a borderline tumor with low malignant potential and classified as a distinct entity of sinonasal tumors with perivascular myoid phenotype by the World Health Organization (WHO). We report the case of a 50-year-old woman with nasal obstruction and severe epistaxis. The nasal sinuses computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a 3.1 cm soft tissue mass occupying the upper part of the left nasal cavity invading the left paranasal sinuses and nasal septum, and the left eye medial rectus muscle. A total mass resection was performed by nasal endoscopy. The histological and immunohistochemical examination yielded the diagnosis of glomangiopericytoma. This case report aims to contribute to the knowledge of nasal neoplasms. The need for more data on this entity is the main obstacle to developing standardized treatment guidelines.

Antifungal efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed extracts against Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) / Eficácia antifúngica de extratos de folha e de semente de Moringa oleifera contra Botrytis cinerea causador da doença do molde cinza de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L. )

Abstract Drawbacks associated with the use of chemical fungicides to control plant pathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea stimulate the need for alternatives. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the antifungal potentials of Moringa oleifera extracts against B. cinerea. Phytochemical analysis using qualitative chemical tests revealed the presence of huge amount of crucial phytochemicals compounds like phenolic compounds, alkaloids and saponins in the M. oleifera leaf extract. Antifungal bioassay of the crude extracts indicated better mycelial growth inhibition by methanol leaf extract (99%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 5 mg/ml with 100% spore germination inhibition and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was 10 mg/ml with 98.10% mycelial growth inhibition using broth micro dilution and poisoned food techniques. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis led to the identification of 67 volatile chemical compounds in the leaf extract with 6-decenoic acid (Z)- (19.87%) was the predominant compound. Further chemical elucidation of the crude extracts performed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) showed the presence of non-volatile chemical compounds, mostly flavones, flavonoids and phenolic acids (i.e. quercetin and kaempferol). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed positive effect of M. oleifera leaf extract on the treated conidia and mycelium of B. cinerea. Findings revealed that irreversible surface and ultra-structural changes with severe detrimental effects on conidia and mycelium morphology compared to control treatment. Overall findings suggested that M. oleifera leaf extract is a promising candidate for biological control of fungal pathogens, thus limiting overdependence on chemical fungicides.

Resumo As desvantagens associadas ao uso de fungicidas químicos para controlar fungos fitopatogênicos, como Botrytis cinerea, estimulam a necessidade de alternativas. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para determinar o potencial antifúngico de extratos de Moringa oleifera contra B. cinerea. A análise fitoquímica usando testes químicos qualitativos revelou a presença de uma grande quantidade de compostos fitoquímicos cruciais, como compostos fenólicos, alcaloides e saponinas no extrato da folha de M. oleifera. O bioensaio antifúngico dos extratos brutos indicou melhor inibição do crescimento micelial pelo extrato de folhas de metanol (99%). A concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) foi de 5 mg/mL com 100% de inibição da germinação de esporos e a concentração fungicida mínima (MFC) foi de 10 mg/mL com 98,10% de inibição do crescimento micelial usando microdiluição em caldo e técnicas de alimentos envenenados. A análise por cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa (GC-MS) levou à identificação de 67 compostos químicos voláteis no extrato da folha, sendo o ácido 6-decenoico (Z) (19,87%) o composto predominante. Elucidação química adicional dos extratos brutos realizada por cromatografia líquida com espectrometria de massa em tandem (LC-MS/MS) mostrou a presença de compostos químicos não voláteis, principalmente flavonas, flavonoides e ácidos fenólicos (ou seja, quercetina e kaempferol). As análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostraram efeito positivo do extrato de folhas de M. oleifera sobre os conídios e micélios tratados de B. cinerea. Os resultados revelaram a superfície irreversível e alterações ultraestruturais com graves efeitos prejudiciais sobre os conídios e a morfologia micelial, em comparação com o tratamento de controle. Os resultados gerais sugeriram que o extrato da folha de M. oleifera é um candidato promissor para o controle biológico de patógenos fúngicos, limitando assim a dependência excessiva de fungicidas químicos.

Suppression of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae biofilm formation by Acacia mangium methanol leaf extract / Supressão de Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae: formação do biofilme oryzae pelo extrato de folhas de metanol de Acacia mangium

Abstract Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), a pathogen responsible for rice bacterial leaf blight, produces biofilm to protect viable Xoo cells from antimicrobial agents. A study was conducted to determine the potency of Acacia mangium methanol (AMMH) leaf extract as a Xoo biofilm inhibitor. Four concentrations (3.13, 6.25, 9.38, and 12.5 mg/mL) of AMMH leaf extract were tested for their ability to inhibit Xoo biofilm formation on a 96-well microtiter plate. The results showed that the negative controls had the highest O.D. values from other treatments, indicating the intense formation of biofilm. This was followed by the positive control (Streptomycin sulfate, 0.2 mg/mL) and AMMH leaf extract at concentration 3.13 mg/mL, which showed no significant differences in their O.D. values (1.96 and 1.57, respectively). All other treatments at concentrations of 6.25, 9.38, and 12.5 mg/mL showed no significant differences in their O.D. values (0.91, 0.79, and 0.53, respectively). For inhibition percentages, treatment with concentration 12.5 mg/mL gave the highest result (81.25%) followed by treatment at concentrations 6.25 and 9.38 mg/mL that showed no significant differences in their inhibition percentage (67.75% and 72.23%, respectively). Concentration 3.13 mg/mL resulted in 44.49% of biofilm inhibition and the positive control resulted in 30.75% of biofilm inhibition. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis of Xoo biofilm inhibition and breakdown showed the presence of non-viable Xoo cells and changes in aggregation size due to increase in AMMH leaf extract concentration. Control slides showed the absence of Xoo dead cells.

Resumo Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), um patogênico responsável pela influência bacteriana na folha do arroz, produz biofilme para proteger células Xoo viáveis de agentes antimicrobianos. Foi conduzido um estudo para determinar a potência do extrato de folha de Acacia mangium methanol (AMMH) como um inibidor de biofilme Xoo. Quatro concentrações (3,13, 6,25, 9,38 e 12,5 mg/mL) de extrato de folha de AMMH foram testadas quanto à sua capacidade de inibir a formação de biofilme Xoo em uma placa de microtitulação de 96 poços. Os resultados mostraram que os controles negativos tiveram o maior valor de OD do que os outros tratamentos, indicando a intensa formação de biofilme. Isso foi seguido do controle positivo (sulfato de estreptomicina, com concentração de 0,2 mg/mL, e extrato de folha de AMMH, com concentração de 3,13 mg/mL), que não apresentou diferenças significativas nos seus valores OD (1,96 e 1,57, respectivamente). Todos os outros tratamentos com concentrações de 6,25, 9,38, e 12,5 mg/mL não tiveram diferenças significativas nos seus valores OD (0,91, 0,79, e 0,53, respectivamente). Para percentagens de inibição, o tratamento com concentração 12,5 mg/mL apresentou o maior resultado (81,25%), seguido do tratamento em concentrações de 6,25 e 9,38 mg/mL, que não mostraram diferenças significativas na sua percentagem de inibição (67,75 e 72,23%, respectivamente). Concentração 3,13 mg/mL resultou em 44,49% de inibição do biofilme, e o controle positivo resultou em 30,75% de inibição do biofilme. Análise por microscopia confocal de leitura a laser de inibição e separação de biofilme Xoo revelou a presença de células Xoo não viáveis e alterações no tamanho da agregação por causa do aumento na concentração de extrato de folha de AMMH. Slides de controle mostraram a ausência de células Xoo mortas.

Traumatic Frontal Sinus Fractures Management: Experience from HighTrauma Centre / 대한신경손상학회지

Objective@#Analysis of our traumatic brain injury data, reviewing current literatures and assessing planning valuable decision making in frontal sinus fracture for young neurosurgeons. @*Methods@#Hospital data base for head trauma was retrieved after board permission for retrospective analysis of cases admitted from 2010–2020. Patients with frontal sinus fractures and head trauma were identified according to a flow chart. Variables of the study included patients' demographics, mechanism of injury, incidence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, types of associated injuries, imaging findings and operative techniques. @*Results@#Three-hundred eighty two patients were eligible to be screened in our study and represented the sample size under investigations in the following sections, 206 (53.9%) of patients were treated conservatively while 176 patients (46.1%) were identified as having an indication for surgical intervention. Eighty-four percent of patients were males. The mean age was 36.2±9.4 years (14–86 years). Depressed skull fracture was commonly associated injury (17.61%). Leakage of CSF was found in 32.95% of patients. @*Conclusion@#Frontal sinus fracture is not an easy scenario. It harbors many proportions and deliver many varieties in which, deep understanding of anatomy, naso-frontal outflow tract status, CSF leakage and neurological injury are of important points in decision. Our institutional algorithm provide rapid, accessible and applicable treatment protocol for resident and young neurosurgeons which minimizes consultations of other specialties.

In vitro evaluation of marginal fit of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate laminate veneers at two thicknesses using different CAD/CAM systems / Avaliação in vitro do ajuste marginal de folheados laminados de silicato de lítio reforçados com zircônia em duas espessuras usando diferentes sistemas CAD / CAM

Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the marginal fit of laminate veneers made of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate with two thicknesses using different CAD/CAM systems. Material and methods: 42 Laminate veneers milled from zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate were divided into three main groups according to milling machine used into: group X5, laminate veneers fabricated by inLab MCX5 milling machine; group CM, laminate veneers fabricated by Ceramill motion 2 milling machine; and group XL, laminate veneers fabricated by inLab MCXL milling machine. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to veneer thickness into: subgroup I, 0.5 mm thickness laminate veneers and subgroup II, 0.3 mm thickness laminate veneers. The marginal fit was measured using stereomicroscope. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Comparisons of main and simple effects were done utilizing Bonferroni correction. The significance level was set at (p ≤0.05) for all tests. Results: The mean( ± SD) highest marginal discrepancy was recorded in subgroup CMII at 85.45 ± 1.82 µm while the least mean marginal discrepancy was recorded in subgroup X5I (71.24 ± 2.64 µm). Conclusion: Both thicknesses(0.5 mm thickness and 0.3 mm thickness) and all tested CAD/CAM systems produced zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate laminate veneers with clinically acceptable marginal gaps; however, the closed CAD/CAM systems produced veneers with superior marginal fit than open systems at 0.3 mm thickness. The CAD/CAM system with the 5-axis milling machine produced the best marginal fit with 0.5 mm thickness. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar a adaptação marginal de facetas laminadas de silicato de lítio reforçado com zircônia com duas espessuras, utilizando diferentes sistemas CAD / CAM. Material e métodos: 42 facetas laminadas fresadas a partir desilicato de lítio reforçado com zircônia foram divididos em três grupos principais de acordo com a fresadora usada em: grupo X5, facetas laminadas fabricados pela fresadora inLab MCX5; grupo CM, facetas laminadas fabricados por Ceramill motion 2; e grupo XL, facetas laminadas fabricados pelo inLab MCXL. Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos, de acordo com a espessura do laminado, em: subgrupo I, facetas laminadas com 0,5 mm de espessura e subgrupo II, facetas laminadas com espessura de 0,3 mm. A adaptação marginal foi medida usando estereomicroscópio. Os resultados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente usando o teste ANOVA de dois fatores seguido pelo teste post hoc de Tukey. Comparações dos efeitos principais e simples foram realizadas utilizando a correção de Bonferroni (P ≤ 0,05). Resultados: A maior discrepância marginal média ( ± DP) foi registrada no subgrupo CMII em 85,45 ± 1,82 µm, enquanto a menor discrepância marginal média foi registrada no subgrupo X5I 71,24 ± 2,64 µm. Conclusão: Ambas as espessuras (0,5 mm e 0,3 mm)e todos os sistemas CAD / CAM testados produziram facetas de laminado de silicato de lítio reforçadas com zircônia com lacunas clinicamente aceitáveis. No entanto, os sistemas CAD / CAM fechados produziam facetas com adaptação marginal superior aos sistemas abertos com 0,3 mm de espessura. O sistema CAD / CAM com a fresadora de 5 eixos produziu a melhor adaptação marginal com 0,5 mm de espessura (AU)

Comparing different bar materials for mandibular implant-supported overdenture: Finite-element analysis

Aim: This study was conducted aiming to optimize the selection of bar material that can minimize stresses on mandibular bone. Subjects and Methods: One finite-element model was created under ANSYS environment to evaluate the use of different materials as a bar-manufacturing material in mandibular implant-supported overdenture (OD). Model components were created on engineering computer-aided design software and then assembled under the finite-element package. A force of 200 N was unilaterally and vertically applied on the left second premolar area. Results: Within these study conditions, the polyether ether ketone bar produced the lowest Von Mises stress on OD and the maximum value of deformation. Stainless steel bar produced the maximum OD total deformation. Conclusions: Cortical and spongy bones are not sensitive to the bar material. Increasing bar material stiffness increases Von Mises stresses in the bar itself and reduces its total deformation, in what is called overconstrained system.

Dengue protease inhibition activity of selected Malaysian medicinal herbs

@#Dengue fever is one of major health problem around the world including Malaysia. It is caused by the arthropode-borne flavivirus and transmitted by the bite of the Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquito infected with one of the four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, or DENV-4). In this study, a screening exercise of various Malaysian medicinal plants showed that the extracts of Lawsonia inermis, Dryobalanops aromatica, Punica granatum, Zizyphus jujuba Lam. and Zingiber zerumbet exhibited potent inhibitory activity against NS2B-NS3 serine protease. The methanol extracts of Dryobalanops aromatica showed inhibition of 99.70 % at concentration of 200 μg/mL with IC50 value of 0.30 ± 0.16 μg/mL.

Suppression of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae biofilm formation by Acacia mangium methanol leaf extract

Abstract Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), a pathogen responsible for rice bacterial leaf blight, produces biofilm to protect viable Xoo cells from antimicrobial agents. A study was conducted to determine the potency of Acacia mangium methanol (AMMH) leaf extract as a Xoo biofilm inhibitor. Four concentrations (3.13, 6.25, 9.38, and 12.5 mg/mL) of AMMH leaf extract were tested for their ability to inhibit Xoo biofilm formation on a 96-well microtiter plate. The results showed that the negative controls had the highest O.D. values from other treatments, indicating the intense formation of biofilm. This was followed by the positive control (Streptomycin sulfate, 0.2 mg/mL) and AMMH leaf extract at concentration 3.13 mg/mL, which showed no significant differences in their O.D. values (1.96 and 1.57, respectively). All other treatments at concentrations of 6.25, 9.38, and 12.5 mg/mL showed no significant differences in their O.D. values (0.91, 0.79, and 0.53, respectively). For inhibition percentages, treatment with concentration 12.5 mg/mL gave the highest result (81.25%) followed by treatment at concentrations 6.25 and 9.38 mg/mL that showed no significant differences in their inhibition percentage (67.75% and 72.23%, respectively). Concentration 3.13 mg/mL resulted in 44.49% of biofilm inhibition and the positive control resulted in 30.75% of biofilm inhibition. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis of Xoo biofilm inhibition and breakdown showed the presence of non-viable Xoo cells and changes in aggregation size due to increase in AMMH leaf extract concentration. Control slides showed the absence of Xoo dead cells.

Resumo Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), um patogênico responsável pela influência bacteriana na folha do arroz, produz biofilme para proteger células Xoo viáveis de agentes antimicrobianos. Foi conduzido um estudo para determinar a potência do extrato de folha de Acacia mangium methanol (AMMH) como um inibidor de biofilme Xoo. Quatro concentrações (3,13, 6,25, 9,38 e 12,5 mg/mL) de extrato de folha de AMMH foram testadas quanto à sua capacidade de inibir a formação de biofilme Xoo em uma placa de microtitulação de 96 poços. Os resultados mostraram que os controles negativos tiveram o maior valor de OD do que os outros tratamentos, indicando a intensa formação de biofilme. Isso foi seguido do controle positivo (sulfato de estreptomicina, com concentração de 0,2 mg/mL, e extrato de folha de AMMH, com concentração de 3,13 mg/mL), que não apresentou diferenças significativas nos seus valores OD (1,96 e 1,57, respectivamente). Todos os outros tratamentos com concentrações de 6,25, 9,38, e 12,5 mg/mL não tiveram diferenças significativas nos seus valores OD (0,91, 0,79, e 0,53, respectivamente). Para percentagens de inibição, o tratamento com concentração 12,5 mg/mL apresentou o maior resultado (81,25%), seguido do tratamento em concentrações de 6,25 e 9,38 mg/mL, que não mostraram diferenças significativas na sua percentagem de inibição (67,75 e 72,23%, respectivamente). Concentração 3,13 mg/mL resultou em 44,49% de inibição do biofilme, e o controle positivo resultou em 30,75% de inibição do biofilme. Análise por microscopia confocal de leitura a laser de inibição e separação de biofilme Xoo revelou a presença de células Xoo não viáveis e alterações no tamanho da agregação por causa do aumento na concentração de extrato de folha de AMMH. Slides de controle mostraram a ausência de células Xoo mortas.

Antifungal efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf and seed extracts against Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Abstract Drawbacks associated with the use of chemical fungicides to control plant pathogenic fungi such as Botrytis cinerea stimulate the need for alternatives. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the antifungal potentials of Moringa oleifera extracts against B. cinerea. Phytochemical analysis using qualitative chemical tests revealed the presence of huge amount of crucial phytochemicals compounds like phenolic compounds, alkaloids and saponins in the M. oleifera leaf extract. Antifungal bioassay of the crude extracts indicated better mycelial growth inhibition by methanol leaf extract (99%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 5 mg/ml with 100% spore germination inhibition and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was 10 mg/ml with 98.10% mycelial growth inhibition using broth micro dilution and poisoned food techniques. Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis led to the identification of 67 volatile chemical compounds in the leaf extract with 6-decenoic acid (Z)- (19.87%) was the predominant compound. Further chemical elucidation of the crude extracts performed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) showed the presence of non-volatile chemical compounds, mostly flavones, flavonoids and phenolic acids (i.e. quercetin and kaempferol). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis showed positive effect of M. oleifera leaf extract on the treated conidia and mycelium of B. cinerea. Findings revealed that irreversible surface and ultra-structural changes with severe detrimental effects on conidia and mycelium morphology compared to control treatment. Overall findings suggested that M. oleifera leaf extract is a promising candidate for biological control of fungal pathogens, thus limiting overdependence on chemical fungicides.

Resumo As desvantagens associadas ao uso de fungicidas químicos para controlar fungos fitopatogênicos, como Botrytis cinerea, estimulam a necessidade de alternativas. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado para determinar o potencial antifúngico de extratos de Moringa oleifera contra B. cinerea. A análise fitoquímica usando testes químicos qualitativos revelou a presença de uma grande quantidade de compostos fitoquímicos cruciais, como compostos fenólicos, alcaloides e saponinas no extrato da folha de M. oleifera. O bioensaio antifúngico dos extratos brutos indicou melhor inibição do crescimento micelial pelo extrato de folhas de metanol (99%). A concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) foi de 5 mg/mL com 100% de inibição da germinação de esporos e a concentração fungicida mínima (MFC) foi de 10 mg/mL com 98,10% de inibição do crescimento micelial usando microdiluição em caldo e técnicas de alimentos envenenados. A análise por cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa (GC-MS) levou à identificação de 67 compostos químicos voláteis no extrato da folha, sendo o ácido 6-decenoico (Z) (19,87%) o composto predominante. Elucidação química adicional dos extratos brutos realizada por cromatografia líquida com espectrometria de massa em tandem (LC-MS/MS) mostrou a presença de compostos químicos não voláteis, principalmente flavonas, flavonoides e ácidos fenólicos (ou seja, quercetina e kaempferol). As análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão mostraram efeito positivo do extrato de folhas de M. oleifera sobre os conídios e micélios tratados de B. cinerea. Os resultados revelaram a superfície irreversível e alterações ultraestruturais com graves efeitos prejudiciais sobre os conídios e a morfologia micelial, em comparação com o tratamento de controle. Os resultados gerais sugeriram que o extrato da folha de M. oleifera é um candidato promissor para o controle biológico de patógenos fúngicos, limitando assim a dependência excessiva de fungicidas químicos.

Antenatal diagnosis of achondroplasia.

We report a interesting case of antenatal diagnosis of achondrpoplasia in a young multigravida who presented with term pregnancy for routine ultrasound assessment which revealed a single, live intrauterine fetus with a discrepancy between femur length (FL) and biparietal diameter (BPD), narrowing of the interpeduncular distance. The diagnosis of achondroplasia was made with a sonological skeletal survey and findings were correlated with radiological skeletal survey after the baby was delivered.

Myositis ossificans traumatica of the left masseter muscle presenting as soft tissue mass: a case report.

Myositis ossificans is a rare disease in which manifests as heterotopic bone formation within a muscle and is rarely found in the head or neck regions, including the masticator muscle. It should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients of trauma with severe limitation of jaw opening. Panoramic radiographs and axial and coronal computed tomography (CT) scans can effectively delineate the calcified mass. Other imaging studies that may be helpful include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone scans, and ultrasound.

Isolated Retrobulbar Orbital Hydatid Cyst: A Rare Case Report.

Isolated orbital hydatid cyst is a rare manifestation most commonly situated in superomedial and superolateral angles of orbit. We report a case of a 24 years old female with a large retrobulbar orbital hydatid cyst causing proptosis which was not associated with any cyst in other organs. USG and CT scan aids to diagnosis while surgical excision and histopathology confirms the diagnosis.

Emphysematous Pyelonephritis: Radiological Perspective.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is an acute necrotizing parenchymal and perirenal infection and is caused by gas-forming organisms. Diabetes mellitus and ureteric obstruction are the predisposing factors for EPN. Computerized tomography (CT) scan is the modality of choice in diagnosing the disease, determining the extent of infection and helps in management. We report a case of emphysematous pyelonephritis in 52 years old man with emphasis on plain radiographic and CT scan findings.

Susceptibility patterns of TB isolates from HIV-infected and non-HIV- infected tuberculous patients at king Abdulaziz university hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia

Tuberculosis [TB] is the most common opportunistic infection and leading cause of death in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] worldwide. HIV pandemic is one of the greatest challenges facing TB control program. Immune suppression by HIV- infection increases the risk of reactivation of latent TB infection and rapid progression of either recent or latent TB infection to active TB disease. Multidrug resistant- TB [MDR -TB] has been associated with inadequate and poor adherence to treatment regimens, poorly managed TB- control programs, as well as HIV- infection. Comparing the anti- tuberculous drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex [MBTC] isolates from HIV-seropositive and HIV- seronegative TB patients attending King Abdulaziz University Hospital [KAAU], Jeddah, KSA, from January 2011 till January 2013. A total of [132] TB patients were included, they were divided into 31[23.48%] patients with HIV- infection [51.60% males and 48.40% females]and 101[76.52%] patients without HIV- infection [40.60% males and 59.40% females]

All resistance detected in our study was primary resistance except one case with secondary resistance. Our results showed that, the percentage of any resistance to rifampicin was higher in TB patients with HIV- infection than those without HIV- infection [19.4% vs 3%] with high significant difference. While the percentage of any resistance to streptomycin was higher in TB patients with HIV- infection than those without HIV-infection [9.7% vs 0.0%] with significant difference. The percentage of monoresistance to rifampicin was higher in TB patients with HIV- infection than those without HIV- infection [9.7% vs 2%] with significant difference. The percentage of one drug resistance was higher in TB patients with HIV-infection than those without HIV- infection [19.4% vs 3%] with high significant difference. Moreover, the percentage of MDR -TB [resistance to rifampcin and isoniazid] was higher in TB patients with HIV- infection than those without HIV- infection [9.7% vs 2%] with significant difference. Also, there was one patient [3.2%] had 4 drug resistance and also one patient [3.2%] had 5 drug resistance in TB patients with HIV-infection

Conclusion: Our study showed significant associations between any resistance to rifampicin and streptomycin, monoresistance to rifampcin and MDR strains with HIV- seropositive than HIV-seronegative TB patients

Recommendations: HIV testing of TB patients and susceptibility testing ofM. tuberculosis isolates from HIV- infected patients should be routinely done for early detection of resistant strains

arabic version of the modified dental anxiety scale. psychometrics and normative data for 15-16 year olds

To prepare an Arabic version of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale [MDAS] and provide normative information including evidence to support the validity of the measure. The MDAS was translated into Arabic and back-translated into English. Data collection took place in Amman, Jordan from March 2009 to March 2010. One thousand and six hundred two 10th grade students took part in the study [15-16 years of age] sampled from 32 schools. Questionnaire consisted not only of the MDAS, but also [i] a single global question on dental anxiety to test concurrent validity, [ii] a question on helplessness in the dental surgery to test construct validity and [iii] demographic profile. The level of missing data was minimal for the translated scale. The internal consistency for this sample using the Arabic MDAS was 0.87 [95% confidence interval was 0.86-0.88]. The measure was a one-dimensional scale. The proportion of the sample that was highly dentally anxious was 22% [>/= 19 cut-off score]. Expected differences between gender and self-reported dental attendance were observed. There were clear significant relationships as predicted between the Arabic MDAS and [i] a single item measure of dental anxiety and [ii] feeling helpless in the dental chair on a previous occasion. The Arabic version of the MDAS can be employed for brief assessment of dental anxiety

Prognostic significance of MRD [minimal residual disease] quantification by PCR in childhood acute leukaemia

Twenty five cases with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were included in this study. They received induction, intensification and maintenance chemotherapy [Modified Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster BMP 76/79 Protocol], plus prophylactic cranial irradiation to a total dose of 1800 cGy/ 2 weeks/ 10 fractions. MRD quantification was done using real-time PCR. It was found that patients with negative MRD had much better overall and relapse-free survivals than those with positive one, 100% versus 20% and 100% versus 25% at the end of 24 months follow-up. Again, it was found that PCR-MRD levels > 0.01 or more can predict the relapse and the prognosis of those cases was much worse than those with lower levels

Genetic analysis of rheumatic fever among Egyptian families: consanguinity pattern, segregation analysis and blood group association

To assess genetic background of Rheumatic Fever [RF] among Egyptian families and to test for association to blood group allelic phenotypes. This study was done on 30 Egyptian rheumatic families of which 10 were mutiplex; enrolled from Pediatric Cardiology Clinic, Mansoura University Hospital. Subjects included 30 probands and 1142 relatives of different degrees; they were classified clinically into 46 cases with RF, 136 subjects with recurrent Upper Respiratory Infection [URTI] and/or arthralgia and the remainders were irrelevant. Diagnosis of RF was based on Jones criteria. Pedigree analysis with stress on consanguinity, positive family history of RF and definite recurrent URTI. Nine blood group systems were analyzed for probands including; ABO, Rh, MNS, Kell, Lutheran, Lewis, Kidd, Duffy, P1 and individual secretor status. In rheumatic families consanguinity and inbreeding were higher than control [53.3%, 0.015]. Segregation analysis suggested multifactorial inheritance for RF with mean heritability [30%] whereas recurrent URTI followed recessive inheritance. Some alleles and phenotypes were of higher incidence in probands compared to control; alleles se [non-secretor], D, Jka+ and phenotypes Lu [a-b-], Le [a-b-] and Fy [a-b-] were of higher frequency, whereas alleles Se [secretor], A, B, Kp a+, Lu b+, Le b+, Fy a+, Fy b+ and phenotypes Fy [a+ b+], Sese or SeSe [secretor] were less frequent. Based on the inherited susceptibility to respiratory infection, RF is a genetic disease with multifactorial inheritance. Blood group systems on chromosome 19 could mark hot spots for further linkage and gene mapping